Thursday, September 3, 2020

Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide | Evaluation

Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide | Evaluation Assessment of Potassium Sorbate as a Biocide to Reduce Viability of Total Airborne Fungi in a Higher Educational Building of Computer Studies Jaw Ming Er1,a *, N. M. Sunar 2,b, Abdul Mutalib Leman2,c, Othman Norzila1,d, Quin Emparan1,e, Umi Kalthsom1,f, Paran Gani1,g, Nurul Azreen Jamal1,h 1Department of Water And Environmental Engineering (DWEE), Faculty of Civil And Environmental Engineering (FKAAS), University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology (FTK), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia Catchphrases: Indoor Air Quality, shape remediation, bioactive mixes. Conceptual In nations which are muggy consistently, shape is a typical issue that can happen even on a PC console. It is rotten and may harm the PC consoles. It is brought about by contagious spores noticeable all around. It can likewise influence occupants’ fitness. This examination is meant to assess the productivity of potassium sorbate to lessen feasibility of indoor airborne organisms in a higher instructive structure of PC investigations of a college situated at Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Malt extricate agar (MEA) was consolidated with the biocide and was utilized for air inspecting of parasites at 3 distinct destinations of the structure including outside. The adequacy of the biocide was assessed by looking at the rewarded agar against the untreated agar. It was plainly demonstrated that the biocide can viably diminish the quantities of settlement shaping units of the airborne parasites at all 3 tried destinations (>70% averagely) on the rewarded culture media, while the unt reated media at all three locales was colonized by growths with various fixation. Presentation Indoor airborne contagious defilement is a typical issue these days. Its essence carries a ton of issues to indoor tenants, building proprietors or supervisors as it influences the indoor air quality (IAQ) of those contaminated structures and it has been related with unfortunate indications including cerebral pain, asthma, hypersensitivity and aggravation impacts, respiratory issues, mycoses (contagious maladies) and a few other vague medical issues [1]. IAQ is characterized as the air quality inside an encased structure that prompts the solace and wellbeing of its occupiers [2]. It is a significant worry as a great many people in the created and creating nations, for example, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and others, invested a large portion of their energy indoor in either workplaces, manufacturing plants, homes or instructive structures. It has been evaluated that estimated 10% of individuals worldwide and 5% of the populace in modern nations have parasitic sensitivities [3,4]. A few parasites, for example, Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum can create mycotoxins and have been related with wiped out structure disorder [1] Many creature contemplates have affirmed that mycotoxins are related with cancer-causing, invulnerable suppressive, and different properties [5]. Parasites discharge minuscule spores that skim through the air and land on different areas to recreate. At the point when they choose clammy surfaces, the spores can shape new form states. On the off chance that these airborne parasitic spores or mycotoxins are breathed in into bronchia and alveoli, they will be lysed and the human body in this manner presented to the essential and optional metabolites [6]. Inward breath introduction has been proposed to cause intense kidney disappointment, harm of the upper respiratory tract, and focal sens ory system harm [7]. In this way, the presence of these organisms is grievous in indoor condition. Growths can become anyplace over a wide-extending temperature with adequate supplements and dampness [8]. Along these lines, indoor shape issue has since a long time ago existed in yearlong warm and moist nations like Malaysia and other Southeast Asian nations. In past examination, airborne parasites development was found in a high muggy room (relative dampness ~87%) in a higher instructive structure of PC concentrates after customary remediation, for example, cleanser cleaning and changing of the influenced roof sheets [9]. It is perilous since analysts proposed that the odds of transmitting the tainting organisms through utilizing of PCs in a college setting is possibly extraordinary because of the colossal use of PC consoles that are not routinely cleaned by various clients day by day [10]. The examination likewise shows that the traditional remediation is certainly not a drawn out answer for evade the indoor airborne parasitic pollution. Be that as it may, green arrangements are expected to lessen the feasibility of the airborne organisms and along these lines the presence of optional metabolites of parasites in indoor setting so as to make sure about the nature of instructing and learning among teachers and understudies in a college building. Of late, a bioactive compound from food industry, potassium sorbate had been demonstrated to have the option to control the development of two organism species (Chaetomium globosum and Alternaria interchange) segregated from an indoor waterborne covering [11]. It is recommended to be successful against airborne parasites as well. Hence, this examination meant to assess the capacity of potassium sorbate as a biocide to render the suitability of indoor airborne growths in a higher instructive structure of PC investigations of a college situated at Southern Peninsular Malaysia. Materials and Methods Determination of Testing Sites. The indoor airborne contagious examples were taken from another appointing higher instructive structure of PC investigations of a college in Johor, Malaysia that had been distinguished of having microbial development in indoor condition from past exploration [9]. Three destinations were chosen by stroll through review. They were each to speak to a microbial-debased site (A), moderately somewhat defiled site (B) and outside (O) of the structure. The area for open air testing was as close as conceivable to the outside air admission for the essential air dealing with framework for the structure [12]. Biocide Antifungal Activity. The antifungal action of the potassium sorbate as a biocide was assessed via air examining with biocide-rewarded and untreated culture media which considers that the centralization of the practical growths can be spoken to by settlement shaping unit (CFU) investigation as the count beneath: CFU/m3 = [Number of provinces x 1000] Ã · [Sampling time (min) x Flow rate (L/min)]. (1) The airborne organisms tests were gathered utilizing a BioStage single-stage practical course impactor (SKC, USA) joined to a SKC QuickTake 30 Sample Pump (SKC, USA) onto Malt Extract Agar (MEA) plates with 0.03% (w/v) biocide at a stream pace of 28.3 L/min according to necessity of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) expressed in strategy NIOSH Manual Analytical Standard Method (NMAM 0800). The impactor was situated at the focal point of the testing area at a stature of 1.0 to 1.5 meter over the floor. Each example was acquired more than brief periods. A similar technique was done with control MEA without biocides. The two sorts of testing with rewarded and untreated MEA were done in triplicate at each site around the same time during available time and within the sight of indoor tenants. The air samplings at various locales were done on various week. The examples were broke down for absolute airborne growths tally by hatching them at 37Â °C for 5 days and checking of the settlement framed was done from that point. Results and Discussions The feasibility of all out airborne growths on the biocide-rewarded MEA was effectively decreased by 76.2% averagely whenever contrasted with their suitability on control MEA without biocide (Fig. 1). Remarkably, potassium sorbate demonstrated the best execution at the somewhat sullied site, which had the most minimal all out airborne organisms on control MEA, by effectively decreasing the practicality of all out indoor airborne parasites by 84.2% on biocide-rewarded MEA. In the mean time, its exhibition dropped when the mean convergences of absolute airborne parasites on control MEA increment. The level of decrease of feasibility of complete airborne organisms at the sullied site and outside of the structure are 63.9% and 80.4% individually. The outcomes demonstrate that potassium sorbate can demonstrate the best execution to control all out indoor airborne parasites fixations in the event that it is applied in a perfect situation. This is as per the capacity of potassium sorbate in wine-production industry to forestall a second aging through rendering any enduring yeast unequipped for using and increasing [13]. Subsequently, it is proposed that this biocide is entirely appropriate to be applied along with and after customary remediation of indoor parasitic tainting intermittently. Fig. 1: Comparison of reasonability of all out airborne organisms on biocide-rewarded and untreated MEA. As per Industry Code of Practice on Indoor Air Quality (ICOP-IAQ 2010) set by Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia, the most extreme introduction breaking point of absolute indoor airborne organisms fixations is 1000 CFU/m3. Any estimation of the convergences of indoor airborne parasites that draws near or more than 500 CFU/m3 can be additionally considered as a potential wellbeing peril. In this examination, this number was effectively decreased to beneath 100 CFU/m3 at two of the three testing destinations and underneath 200 CFU/m3 at the debased site. These decreases may be because of high solvency of this biocide in water of development media to change over to sorbic corrosive that displays strong antifungal properties with different method of activity, for example, hereditary changes, modification of morphological structure of cell, hindrance of catalysts and cell transport forms [14]. These after-treatment’s numbers recommends that potassium sorbate is a legitimate biocide to keep up the centralizations of all out indoor airborne growths at a worthy sound level for people. In a higher instructive structure of PC considers, PCs are constantly shared. Contacts of PC parts particularly PC keyb

Human Resource Management(Ryanairs Motivation Problems)

Human Resource Management(Ryanairs Motivation Problems) Free Online Research Papers Area 1: Introduction Human Resource directors around the globe once in a while concede to the most ideal approach to spur staff at work. In any case, the issues that can emerge when staff is unmotivated guarantee this will keep on involving a lot of the board time and consideration. In both Hospitality and Tourism segments this is particularly disputable, with the serious issues of irregularity and low compensation adding to the blend. For this task I have been approached to analyze contemporary perspectives on inspiration, distinguish an organization at present tending to inspiration issues at work and assess their endeavors and to investigate the connection between the viable work of suitable enlistment and choice techniques and their effect on staff inspiration. I have in this way have picked Ryanair’s inspiration issues and in this task the accompanying can be found: Identifying Ryanair’s as of now inspiration issues at work and an assessment of their exertion, Ryanairs low pay rates, enrollment techniques utilized by Ryanair and the effect it has on staff inspiration and more inside and out conversations about how these inspiration issues and how they can be illuminated. Area 2: Understanding of Human Resource Management and Motivation 2.1 What is Human Resource Management? HR the board assumes a key job which enables the accomplishment of the activities to task in choosing, preparing and persuading the correct sort of staff for the association (Ref: Woodruffe H, 1995) Humans are an associations most prominent resources; without them, regular business capacities couldn't be completed.† Human asset the board is liable for how individuals are treated in associations. It is answerable for carrying individuals into the association, helping them play out their work, remunerating them for their works, and taking care of issues that emerge (Cherrington, 1995). There are seven administration elements of a HR office: staffing, execution examinations, pay and advantages, preparing and improvement, representative and work relations, wellbeing and wellbeing, and human asset research. 2.2 What is Motivation? Inspiration is the individual, inward procedure that stimulates, coordinates, and continues conduct. It is an individual power that makes one act with a certain goal in mind .Most regularly, inspiration is the term used to clarify people groups conduct. Fruitful supervisors are supposed to be exceptionally energetic. A group head who maintains a strategic distance from work is supposed to be unmotivated. Inspiration is connected with resolve; assurance is the representatives feeling toward the activity, bosses, and the firm itself. High assurance results essentially from the fulfillment of requirements at work or because of the activity. High assurance prompts commitment and unwaveringness just as to the longing to carry out a responsibility well. Low spirit can prompt trashy work, truancy, and high paces of turnover. Segment 3: Contemporary perspectives on inspiration 3.1 Equity Theory. In this segment four distinctive contemporary perspectives on inspiration will be examined these inspiration hypotheses can assist administrators with seeing how to spur their staff. These four speculations are value hypothesis, hope hypothesis, support hypothesis, and objective setting hypothesis. These four speculations are for the most part various perspectives on inspiration every hypothesis will be talked about in subtleties beneath. Value hypothesis will be talked about first. The value hypothesis of inspiration depends on the way that individuals are persuaded first to accomplish and afterward to keep up a feeling of value. Value alludes to the circulation of remunerations in direct fairness to the commitment of every representative to the association. Everybody needs not to get similar prizes, yet the prizes ought to be as per singular commitments. As per the hypothesis, the possibility of value is as per the following: 1) First, an advancement of a contribution to-result proportion. Sources of info are the things that are added to the association. Results are the things we get from the association, for example a dedicated representative who gets generously compensated by his association he works for. 2) Next, a correlation of this proportion is made with what we see as the contribution to-result proportion for some other individual, called the examination other. 3) If the two proportions are generally the equivalent, you feel that the association is rewarding you impartially and are spurred to leave things as they seem to be. On the off chance that our proportion is the lower of the two, you will feel under compensated and are propelled to change things you may diminish your own contributions by not buckling down, leave the work circumstance or attempt to expand our absolute results by requesting a salary increase. This shows the value hypothesis is generally pertinent to pay as a result. It is significant for an association to know how much work every representative produces and in the event that they are generously compensated, it is unquestionably not reasonable if a worker who doesn't buckle down gets paid a sensible measure of cash and an other worker who accomplishes buckle down is come up short on, not exclusively will this representative get unmotivated yet it may prompt acquiescence from the organization. 3.2 Expectancy Theory. Hope hypothesis, created by Victor Vroom is an unpredictable model of inspiration that depends on a straightforward supposition. As indicated by hope hypothesis, inspiration relies upon the amount we need something and on the fact that we are so prone to get it. A short situation is offered beneath to comprehend this model of inspiration. Two aircraft deals reservations specialists who are contender for advancement to one deals reservations manager’s work. Bill has had an awesome deals year and consistently gets great execution assessments. Be that as it may, he isn't sure he needs the activity since it requires a lot of movement, long working hours, and much pressure and weight. Susan needs the activity as much as Bill, and she thinks she has a decent possibility of getting it. Her deals have improved this previous year, and her assessments are the best in the organization. Anticipation hypothesis would foresee that Bill isn't exceptionally persuaded to look for the advancement. Be that as it may, Susan is inspired to look for the advancement, since she needs it and figures she can get it. Anticipation hypothesis is mind boggling on the grounds that each move that is made is probably going to prompt a few unique results, some that we may need and others that we may not need. For instance, if individuals try sincerely and put in a ton of additional hours, a few things may occur. They may get an increase in salary, they might be advanced, they may increase significant new position aptitudes or it may have terrible results, for example, having less an ideal opportunity to go through with their families and cut back on public activity. Anticipation hypothesis has a few valuable rules for chiefs. It proposes that administrators must perceive the accompanying: 1) Employees work for an assortment of reasons. 2) These reasons, or anticipated results, may change after some time. 3) It is important to obviously show representatives how they can achieve the results they want. Essentially the anticipation hypothesis shows that getting advanced or improving occupation position could prompt results the representatives would not need. Improving paid or advanced would not infer that the worker will get persuaded as we have found in the above situation where Bill has a decent deals year and consistently gets great execution assessments however he doesn't need the activity since it requires long working hours and stress. Paula would be increasingly reasonable for the activity since she is exceptionally energetic and can most likely arrangement with the prerequisites and the negative results, for example, reducing public activity. 3.3 Reinforcement Theory Fortification hypothesis expresses that conduct that is compensated is probably going to be rehashed, though conduct that has been rebuffed is more averse to repeat. Fortification is an activity that follows straightforwardly from a specific conduct. Fortifications can be utilized in various manners: *A uplifting feedback fortifies wanted conduct by giving a prize for example a client care operator at the air terminal who assumed control over her associates occupations since they were missing and managed all the issues without a moment's delay, she could be compensated for her difficult work which may get her persuaded to stir more diligently and take up more assignments on the double. *Punishment is an undesired result that follows from bothersome conduct e.g.a airline steward who is inconsiderate to her clients may get rebuffed or be given an admonition, along these lines this conduct probably won't happen once more. Fortification can work successfully however when all is said in done, encouraging feedback may be the best activity in light of the fact that as it states conduct that is compensated is probably going to be rehashed. Segment 4.1: Identifying Ryanair’s right now inspiration issues at work and an assessment of their exertion. Ryanairs is a ‘’no-frills’’ aircraft however it has a high turnover as indicated by Shay Cody, the delegate general secretary of the Irish worker's organization Impact Ryanair has an exceptionally severe system and they have amazingly high staff turnover, especially among junior pilots and lodge group .Staff are required to pay for their own garbs, team suppers and instructional classes. It expects staff to pay as much as  £2,700 forthright for preparing. Numerous specialists from the United Kingdom have relinquished their positions with Ryanair and as result the organization is enlisting currently provisional work from offices as distant as the Baltic States and Poland. Pilots were as of late advised that so as to move on from more seasoned planes to more up to date airplane, they would need to pay for their own retraining. A lodge group who works for Ryanair thinks of her encounters on a site where she says: ‘’Ryanair couldn't care less about its lodge team and just takes the most they can crush out of us. Following a twelve hour day without a break, I don't have the vitality to be pleasant to travelers or watch that my nail clean is still on. Please Ryanair begin esteeming what we do in light of the fact that without us you couldn't fly4’’ The workers and particularly the lodge group of Ryanair will in general be not managing n

Saturday, August 22, 2020

In Support of Parenting Education Essay -- Child Development

In an ideal world, each youngster would be needed and cherished, and all guardians would have the limit and the craving to bring up kids who are sound, intellectually and genuinely solid, and showing high good honesty. Unfortunately, this isn't the situation. A few guardians are, sadly, very little inspired by what occurs with their youngsters. Different guardians are not satisfied with what's going on in the home with their youngsters however don't have a clue what to do to make successful change. Still different guardians are ignorant that there is another way, a superior way, of child rearing. Parent instruction could help in these situations. The writing shows that child rearing intercessions improve the nature of the relationship guardians have with the kids just as improving youngster social conduct (Scott, O’Connor, Furth, Mathias, Price, and Doolan 2010). Projects have been especially compelling when conveyed to inspired, ethnic larger part guardians, however there has been little investigation of projects that fill in as intercessions planned for forestalling a wide scope of poor results related with standoffish conduct, for example, contribution in dangerous ways of life, low school fulfillment, and an absence of acceptable kinships (Scott et al.). There are, obviously, issues related with conveyance of child rearing projects; the best test is getting guardians to take an interest when there is no command that they do as such. Gifted faculty might be another issue; urban territories may have adequate instructors and teachers, however country zones may not. A third issue is cost, despite the fact that, as brou ght up by Scott et al., â€Å"programs can in principle be supported since over the long haul they ought to lessen the significant expense of reserved conduct emerging from expanded utilization of administrations, more elevated levels ... ... Perspective.† Professional School Counseling 14.3 (2011): 242-249. Brannon, Diana. â€Å"Character Educationâ€a Joint Responsibility.† Education Digest 73.8 (2008): 56-60. Parker, David C., Nelson, Jennifer S., and Burns, Matthew K. â€Å"Comparison of Correlates of Homeroom conduct issues in schools with and without a school-wide character training program. Brain science in the Schools 47.8 (2010): 817-827.. Reinberg, S. (2010). U.S. kids utilizing media just about 8 hours every day. HealthDay News January 20, 2010. Recovered from http://www.businessweek.com/way of life/content/healthday /635134.html Scott, Stephen; O’Connor, Thomas G.; Futh, Annabel; Mathias, Carla; Price, Jenny; and Doolan, Moira. â€Å"Impact of a Parenting Program in a High-Risk, Multi-Ethnic Community: the Buddies Trial.† Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 51.12 (2010): 1331-1341.

How Do the Major Theories of Child Development Essay

Social encounters assume a fundamental job in the advancement of kids. Hypotheses of kid improvement have been made to assist us with understanding how children’s minds create, considering the contrasts between societies around the globe. A portion of these hypotheses investigate the likelihood that youngsters gain information, grow new ideas and extension new thoughts through cooperation with experience and intellectual schemata. A few speculations investigate the hypothesis that advancement likewise assumes a job in social experience. There are numerous speculations of improvement, however some are progressively compelling and have roused a great deal of research. There are four primary differentiating speculations of kid improvement that not just assistance us to comprehend kid advancement all in all, yet additionally help us in the comprehension of the job of social encounters in youngster improvement. These four speculations of advancement are regularly alluded to as the ‘grand theories’ as they spread all parts of kid improvement, not simply explicit parts. The four grande hypotheses are behaviorist hypothesis, the social learning model, constructivist hypothesis, and social constructivist hypothesis. This exposition will talk about and outling the four fundamental speculations of advancement, look into a portion of the ideas of the primary hypotheses, at that point examine whether the hypothesis can clarify the job of social encounters in kid improvement. Behaviorism used to be the most prevailing hypothesis in brain research all through the 1950’s and 1960’s. The proof gave by the behaviorist trial method has been was critical to the order of brain science, and a large number of the hypotheses have confronted the trial of time. Behaviorist therapists, for example, were Ivan Pavlov, John Watson and B. F. Skinner. They utilized procedures, for example, molding (traditional molding and operand molding) to investigate the hypotheses of youngster improvement. The behaviorist view on youngster advancement is that kids learn by molding, which implies that children’s conduct is influenced by a progression of remunerations and disciplines. This learning hypothesis recommends that youngsters are not dynamic during the time spent learning; it is as if they are permitting themselves to be formed by operators in nature around them, for example, instructors and parental models. One analysis of the behaviorist methodology is it’s powerlessness to clarify the job of social encounters in kid advancement. This is on the grounds that behaviorism is basically centered around trial and logical strategies, and it is constrained in the regard that it doesn't consider parts of human instinct which can not be estimated by the trial technique alone. Feelings and emotions require can not be completely comprehended by perception alone; it requires a specific level of thoughtfulness. The behaviorist model has clarified some significant parts of cognative turn of events and learning, yet later hypotheses have demonstrated that the forming of a child’s mind is undeniably more unpredictable than molding alone. In the 1960’s, the social learning model was made and it was recommended that kids learn through basically watching others around them. Good examples are a significant piece of the social learning model. Research has demonstrated that youngsters will frequently mimic hostility that they have seen through watching others (Liebert et al. , 1977). This is interestingly with the behaviorist learning hypothesis that youngsters learn through remuneration and discipline. In 1965, Bandura led an examination where he investigated the theory that kids can encounter social learning without molding. He contended that while youngsters learn by watching and imitating others, they are additionally extricating ideas and thoughts from what they are watching, and understanding circumstances all alone. This is rather than the behaviorist view that kids are not dynamic operators in their own learning. One analysis of this examination is that while this is a knowledge into how kids learn by perception, it reveals to us next to no about the subjective procedures and the improvement of social schemata. The constructivist perspective on improvement was framed by Piaget in the 1920’s and 30’s. Jean Piaget’s stage hypothesis proposes that there are four phases of improvement that each youngster will understanding and progress through, paying little mind to culture. Piaget additionally built up the idea of schemata, and the hypothesis that kids picked up information through collaboration among encounters and schematic ideas. Piaget’s hypothesis is in opposition to the behaviorist model as he accepted that through perception, kids ‘construct’ their own comprehension of the world, in light of their own encounters and earlier information. Piaget accepted that this kind of learning was more persuasive than guidance from an educator or guardian. Piaget and Binet directed examination into the job of intellectual pattern and it’s association during the time spent learning. They did an examination where they led a progression of knowledge tests on the two kids and grown-ups. From this exploration, Piaget found that youngsters and grown-ups take a gander at the world in an unexpected way, which accordingly makes kids expand upon their own schemata on their own term. This is on the grounds that their thinking varies from that of grown-ups, so they have to understand the world utilizing their own objective. Piaget underlined the significance of cooperation with peers being developed. Kids learn through associating with each other, and shockingly they don't seem to profit similarly from contact with Adults. Piaget contemplated that youngsters profit by presenting each other to clashing viewpoints, which makes them adjust and build up their psychological blueprint. This improvement doesn't happen when youngsters are in contact with grown-ups, as they consider grown-ups to be authority figures, and hence would acknowledge a grown-up perspective without addressing it, which doesn't permit them to frame new thoughts or scrutinize old thoughts. The fourth and last hypothesis of advancement that will be examined is the social constructivism hypothesis. This hypothesis is like the constructivist hypothesis as it suggests that kids are dynamic specialists in their own learning and advancement. The social constructivism hypothesis expands the constructivism model by presenting the jobs of different specialists, and by underscoring the job of connection during the time spent learning. The helpful hypothesis places accentuation on social communication as a significant apparatus in intellectual turn of events, and that blueprint are framed by youngsters for the most part through social association, not simply through making the thoughts all alone . Vygotsky was a social constructivist whose speculations can be appeared differently in relation to Piaget’s contructivist hypotheses. Piaget accepted that youngsters are the principle operators in building up their own insight and subjective schemata about the things they have encounters in nature. Conversely, Vygotsky set more accentuation on the improvement of social schemata through the disguise of social cooperations utilizing social apparatuses, for example, language and articulations. The social constructivist model can be appeared differently in relation to social learning hypotheses since it accentuates connection with individuals and the earth, and put less accentuations on perception. It can likewise be stood out from behaviorism as the hypothesis doesn't seem to esteem the potential impacts of remuneration and discipline. The primary contrasts among Vygotsky’s and Piaget’s speculations is that Vygotsky accepted that kids have the most significant impact in molding their psychological turn of events, which is rather than Piaget’s hypothesis of the four all inclusive phases of improvement. Vygotsky didn't fuse phases of improvement into his hypothesis, and rather would in general spotlight on progressively social components and job of language and other social instruments. Vigotsky’s (1978) social constructivist approach had the option to investigate the social impacts on subjective turn of events. Piaget’s hypothesis was progressively centered around kids making new information and psychological composition through their own self investigation. Crain (2000) accepted that a few speculations center a lot around learning by guidance, and that kids had the option to learn all alone and through social connection, so it imperative to permit them to investigate this with the goal for them to be dynamic, creative and ‘childish’. Anyway different hypotheses have recommended that on the off chance that the way toward learning under guidance is left past the point of no return, at that point it might be past the point where it is possible to show youngsters more dult styles of reasoning and thinking. The social learning hypothesis is potentially the model that puts minimal accentuations on social encounters out of the four essential learning speculations. The social piece of the hypothesis is the way toward learning through perception. This hypothesis doesn't put a lot of accentuation on how social encounters identify with the improvement of intellectual pattern, or how psychological schemata encourage social encounters. Youngsters gain information and extension pathways through basically watching others in the earth around them. It tends to be seen from the portrayals of the four primary speculations of advancement that not every one of them assess the job of social encounters in kid improvement. They all seem to cause legitimate cases about the various manners by which youngsters to create complex thoughts regarding the world. From examining these four speculations, it appears as if youngsters create through a wide range of means. Inner structures, good examples, and customary lessons in school, all assume a significant job in forming a childs improvement. Social communication is conceivably equaly as significant, if not increasingly significant in encouraging ordinary advancement in youngsters.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Selective Hearing :: essays research papers

Music is an innovative outlet for feelings, articulations and individual issues. It is additionally a spot to drive thoughts and suppositions on a mass of thousands. Individuals can identify with it on numerous levels. Be that as it may, the issue of who ought to be capable or control it exists. Who ought to choose what is played or sold?      Music has had both a negative and positive responses, particularly with the youthful. Should the guardians be capable or should the specialists themselves? Should the Studios (Labels) take the warmth or should the legislature get included?      In the recent decades, music experiences been in difficulty. It has been supposed to be the reason for passings, suicides, undesirable sexual conduct, and different types of profanity. It has assumed fault for everything nobody needs to be answerable for.      In 1985, Prince had a hit record with â€Å"Purple Rain†. On the collection contained the melody â€Å"Darling Nikki† about a sexual lady who was â€Å"masturbating with a magazine†. The melody went on about with a sexual tone. Tipper Gore, felt this was not legitimate for her little girl to have. She felt that the music expected to have appraisals. She established the PMRC †Parent Music Resource Center. They needed a standard rating framework to make guardians aware of the sorts of music that children were tuning in to such evaluations as â€Å"X† for sex related and â€Å"V† for brutality. This was killed. Rather, a â€Å"parental warning unequivocal content† sticker was picked. The PMRC is presently comprised of 19 ladies. Tipper Gore has since left the gathering since her better half is VP. They despite everything are a functioning voice in the battle with the expectation of complimentary discourse. The inquiry raised is shouldn’t parent be observing children’s music at any rate? Has the nuclear family gotten that broken? What precisely can guardians do? For one, guardians ought to make them comprehend of their children and understand that occasions are changing as are the children. Be that as it may, much of the time the guardians don't. Things are unique in relation to when most guardians were kids. Identify with kids on that degree of â€Å"now†. Discussion straightforwardly about hard subjects, for example, medications, brutality, and sex. Concerning music, guardians ought to be with the kid in the store. Salesmen ought not be sitters for kids. Guardians ought to ask about store strategies and inquire as to why something has the warning. Most stores will tell guardians the reasons.

Jane Austen Novels essays

Jane Austen Novels papers Relative Analysis of Pride and Prejudice and Emma by Jane Austen Ã… ¾ Elizabeth Bennet and Emma Woodhouse are depicted distinctively by Jane Austen in the books Pride and Prejudice and Emma, individually. While Emma is depicted as a compelling and influential lady in light of the fact that of her riches, Elizabeth or Lizzy is considered as a normal lady having a place with humble parentage. In reality, Emma is depicted as a lady who has the intensity of having rather her very own excessive amount way, and a air to think excessively well of herself; while Elizabeth is depicted by her folks as, not somewhat superior to the others; and I am certain she isn't half so attractive as Jane, nor half so agreeable Ã… ¾ Mr. Darcy and Mr. Gallant are portrayed in a similar example in the two books. Mr. Darcy, described as a person who is persistently giving offense, and is additionally haughty, held, and picky, and his habits, however all around reared, were not welcoming. Mr. Gallant is additionally considered as a man who ceaselessly gives offense as is outline of Emma as a ruined girl and lady. Mr. Darcy additionally holds comparative bias against Elizabeth's character, portraying her as middle of the road, however not attractive enough to entice ME; I am in no funniness at present to offer result to youngsters who are insulted by other men Ã… ¾ After offering offense to Elizabeth and Emma, both Mr. Darcy and Mr. Chivalrous have declared their advantage and love in the lady heroes, separately. Mr. Darcy, after at first reprimanding' Elizabeth at the ball, had a difference in heart in the wake of seeing her once more: he started to discover it was rendered remarkably smart by the ... <!

Sunday, August 9, 2020

Possible Danger Signs on University of California Application Essay Topics You Must Be Aware Of

<h1> Possible Danger Signs on University of California Application Essay Topics You Must Be Aware Of </h1> <h2>The Advantages of University of California Application Essay Topics </h2> <p>In most occasions, there aren't any obligatory imaginative exposition points. You require an author with higher shrewdness and involvement with article composing. You're ready to get to the author who's composing your paper legitimately with the goal that you may make any adjustment. On the off chance that you select an accomplished and incredibly qualified author like our own, you raise the opportunity of your paper acknowledgment. </p> <p>Essay is anything but a four-letter wordthough you may want to utilize two or three your own when the time has come to think of one. Composing quality articles is the vital job of our administrations. Composing the school application article is a difficult gig. Offer an exposition regarding any matter of your pick. </p> <p>The article is effectively among the most inconvenient areas of the school application method. Consequently, it should coordinate the candidate's characteristics and interests for it to help the odds of confirmation. It is one of the significant ways you can separate yourself. Your paper is the chance to liven up your application. </p> <p>If you're applying to a school that doesn't acknowledge the Common App, you should respond to their exact paper questions. Who knowsthe answer for that question might be the establishment for your affirmation article. For a start, the typical application exposition points need you to utilize language that is totally liberated from language blemishes and syntactic missteps. While there are various themes you may decide for an application paper, not these might be material to your particular circumstance. </p> <p>So, you should be very cautious and careful while composing a school application exposition. In the event that you utilize an expert application article essayist, at that point the person is going to consistently discuss various issues around your brief. Any individual who works in news coverage will disclose to you you're ready to get any peruser's consideration given that you convey an exceptional presentation. When composing this article, select a subject of intrigue. </p> <p>Admission officials need to discover somebody to add to what Their University is. Uc Admission Essay ExampleThe UC framework has ever had one boss application that every single one of the grounds share. Discover progressively about Lehigh University. </p> <p>There's, clearly, a breaking point on the assortment of pages even our absolute best scholars can deliver with a squeezing cutoff time, yet for the most part, we make sense of how to fulfill all the customers looking for dire help. PaperCoach will have the option to assist you with every one of your papers, so take a gander as of now! Indeed, even in the occasion the cutoff time is genuinely close, don't hesitate to get hold of our chiefs. More often than not, cutoff times for submitting applications are quite often short which makes numerous potential candidates stress they won't have the ability to present their example exposition for MBA application in time. </p> <p>You may likewise get an assortment of limits on our site which will assist you with saving some more cash for future requests or anything you need to spend them on. And still, at the end of the day you can't find the educational and exact subtleties. Verify you give away from of the things on your rundown moreover. In the event that you like you may look on the web and discover one which you like. </p> <p>To move starting with one country then onto the next is totally a change of profound essentialness and dependable enthusiastic impacts. The circumstance is exacerbated by the basic actuality that the cost of living continues expanding each and every day. Or on the other hand it may be that you might want to make mindfulness about a social foul play. </p> <p>Keep at the top of the priority list, the purpose of the papers is to exhibit the affirmations officials something they can't earn from the rest of your application. There is definitely not a brief to control you, which implies you should ask yourself the inquiries that will get at the focal point of the story you might want to tell. You don't need to get a story that is one out of many. Everyone's story varies. </p>

Saturday, June 13, 2020

The Classical School Of Criminology Research Assignment - 550 Words

The Classical School Of Criminology Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: center3000030175209410036300CriminologyName:Institutional Affiliational:Date:The classical school of criminology CITATION Jos02 \l 1033 (Joseph E. Jacoby, 2002)refers to the 18th century work that was during the enlightenment by the utalitirian and social contract philosophers Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria .Their main concerns majorly were on the criminal justice and penology and indirectly through the preposition that man is a calculating animal. The positivist school of criminology is in opposition to the classical school of criminology and it assumes that criminal acts are the product of free choice and rational calculcation , the positivist sees the root causes of crime in factors outside the control of the offender.An example of the Positivist school of criminology is the Postermodernism school of criminology . Postmodernism is the study of crime and criminals which is based on the understanding of criminals as a result of power to limit the behavior o f those individuals but who try to overcome social inequality and behave in ways which the power strucuture prohibits . It focuses on the identity of the human subject, multiculturalism, feminism and human relations to deal with concepts of differences and otherness.It is associated with decline of the lefts credibility, specifically in the failure of state socialism to offer an attractive and viable alternative to western capitalism .An example of classical school of criminology is the Chicago school which is best known for its urban sociology and for its development of the symbolic interactionalist approach . It is focused on human behavior as shaped by social structure and physical environment factor rather than genetic and character. It accepted the theory of evolution demonstrating the how the animals adapt to their environment by looking for ways to survive. Best known for its subculture theories and principles of ecology to develop the soc...

Sunday, May 17, 2020

Devry Eng 112 All Week Discussions - 2386 Words

DEVRY ENG 112 All Week Discussions IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work then Click The Link Below For Instant Down Load http://www.hwspeed.com/DEVRY-ENG-112-All-Week-Discussions-1113258025.htm?categoryId=-1 IF You Face Any Problem Then E Mail Us At JOHNMATE1122@GMAIL.COM Question week 1 discussion The Brand of You (graded) As discussed in this week’s lecture, the Brand of You is created from the perception you give others through your writing. In creating the brand of you, how do you decide what to tell, how to tell it, and what to leave out? If given the task of introducing your personal brand through writing, what specific characteristics or attributes of yourself would you share? What stories would serve to provide the†¦show more content†¦What topics are you finding in the news today? What new angles are being presented? What current events or social changes have prompted these new angles? (Please be sure to include a URL with your post. If you use exact phrases or sentences from your chosen article, be sure to place that information in quotation marks.) This section lists options that can be used to view responses. week 2 discussion The Profile Genre (graded) Please read Carl Wilkinson’s profile, Dave Grohl and the Foo Fighters, on pages 622–626 of your text. What writing techniques does Wilkinson use to meet the profile genre? How do these strategies help establish meaning, and what impression do they leave about Grohl? (Be sure to be specific in your response, pointing to areas of the text and noting both page and paragraph numbers.) Getting Started Writing (graded) Drawing on one of the strategies for writing introductions outlined in your text or the lecture, post a draft of your introductory paragraph(s) as your first post. Then, throughout the week, reply to your classmates with feedback on their introductory paragraphs. Note how or why week 3 discussion ive Messages (graded) What makes an ad succeed or flop? Think about specific print or television advertisements that have either stuck with you or made you turn your eyes, and explain what works or what doesn’t. In your response, be sure to consider the impact the rhetoricalShow MoreRelatedProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesSTUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesState University PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Theme of the American Dream in Cannery Row, by John...

Located in central Monterey Rey, California, the real city of Cannery Row is home to thousands of current residents, but is really home to a small, concentrated sense of nostalgia for the characters of John Steinebeck’s American Classic. Cannery Row, written in 1945 by Steinbeck, faintly touches on the idea of the American dream, on what it has to offer to a crookedly, quaint town in the middle of central California. The characters in Cannery Row are initially perceived as inappropriate, childish, slavish, ignorant, and a general mistake of humanity, with disgusting morals and a true burden to the world. As the story starts to unfold upon it self, and not only does this compelling plot line seem to start to come into place, the audience†¦show more content†¦It is this part in Cannery Row that represents the metaphorical transformation from children to men, even though Mack and the Boys are physically men with child-like mental astuteness. Steinbeck mundanely hints at the fact that children have the ability to easily grasp human kindness, which explained through Cannery Row, is the ultimate American Dream. Regarding the gangs motives’, readers gain a greater scope of the explanation of the American dream. In more specific terms, or an obvious reason why the American Dream symbolization is overlooked, can be correlated to the initial writings of Cannery Row. Right from the gecko of the book, the preface is marked like the inside walls of Hannibal Lector’s rotting San Francisco jail cell, from the constant use of juxtaposition. This literacy metaphor floods through the first pages of the book stacking the building blocks of the town, characters, general vibes, and what the overall everything constitutes to each other in the town. Everything is compared in drastic terms, unraveling a sense of unease, anguish, remorse, and a general discomfort; the divide amongst Cannery Row’s citizens how ever is equally not dismissed. â€Å"Wh ore, pimps, gamblers, and sons of bitches,† are compared to â€Å"Saints and angels and martyrs and holy men,† and if that were not enough, Steinbeck delves into the financial divide between superintendentsShow MoreRelatedWhen Creating His Short Stories/Novels, John Steinbeck1665 Words   |  7 PagesWhen creating his short stories/novels, John Steinbeck focused on what it meant to be human. He included life experiences and really fed off of that in many of his writings. Steinbeck was able to experience many struggles in the 1900s such as the great depression and both world wars, all events of which were first hand experiences. Being born in the early 1900’s, Steinbeck revolved around themes relevant to the world and his era. His books/novels fall under these categories: disenfranchisement, integrityRead MoreEssay about John Steinbeck Common Themes3280 Words   |  14 PagesCalifornia, Nobel Prize winner, John Steinbeck, was one of the most important writers in America during the 20th century. In his novels, East of Eden, Of Mice and Men, Cannery Row, and In Dubious Battle, Steinbeck explores what it takes for a person to find true happiness in life. Steinbeck addresses the pursuit for happiness in one’s life—the American Dream—, by questioning modern idea of it being achieved through material items and the path people take to accompli sh it. Steinbeck also addresses the happinessRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 2778 Words   |  12 PagesLiterature 15 October 2014 Author Study: John Steinbeck John Steinbeck, born in February 27, 1902, worked as a manual labor worker before achieving his success as a well renowned American writer. A compassionate understanding of the world s disinherited was to be Steinbeck s hallmark. The novel In Dubious Battle (1936) defends striking migrant agricultural workers in the California fields. In the novel Of Mice and Men(1937; later made into a play), Steinbeck again utilizes the hardships of migrantRead MoreMice of Men Dreams of Commitment2273 Words   |  10 PagesOf Mice and Mein The Dream of Commitment. Louis Owens The Eden myth looms large in Of Mice and Men (1937), the playnovella set along the Salinas River a few miles south of Soledad (Of Mice and Men, p. 1). And, as in all of Steinbecks Califomia fiction, setting plays a central role in determining the major themes of this work. The fact that the setting for OfMice and Men is a Califomia valley dictates, according to the symbolism of Steinbecks landscapes, that this story will take place in a fallenRead More Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck Essay example9610 Words   |  39 PagesOf Mice and Men by John Steinbeck John Steinbeck was born on 27 Feb 1902 in Salinas, California, not far from the area where Of Mice and Men is set. He attended Stanford University, but never settled to one area of study and left without obtaining a degree. In his twenties, he pursued a varied working life, including that of an itinerant ranch worker, similar to the characters portrayed in the novel. His early writings had some success, and established him as an author interested in

Graft and Corruption free essay sample

It refers to the acquisition of gain in dishonest or questionable manner. CORRUPTION has been defined as the misuse or abuse of public office for private gain both in government and the private sector. It comes in several illicit forms, including bribery, extortion, fraud, nepotism, graft, speed money, pilferage, theft, embezzlement, falsification of records, kickbacks, influence peddling and campaign contributions. is the perversion or destruction of integrity or fidelity in discharging public duties and responsibilities by bribery or favor. It entails the use of public power for private advantage in ways which transgresses some formal rule of law. It involves participants from within and outside of the bureaucracy. it ? refers to the use of public office for private gain or the betrayal of public trust for private gain, (National Anti-Corruption Framework and Strategy, 2000). rottenness: putrid matter: impurity: bribery. Source- Chambers Dictionary According to common usage of term ? Corruption? Sometimes also the act of the officials offering such gifts or other tempting favors is implied in the concept. Extortion, i. e. demanding such gifts or favors in the execution of public duties, too, may be regarded as ? Corruption.? Indeed, the term Page 1 of 31 pages is sometimes also applied to officials who use the public funds they administer for their own benefit; who, in other words, are guilty of embezzlement at the expense of a public body. In most instances, reference to corruption is made in connection with other subjects, such as crime or public administration. Many works referring to corruption do not attempt a conceptual and actual analysis. The commonly held perception amongst most people of corruption is that of something that is debased, impure, or acts of criminality. Indeed, corruption as it relates to human behavior can be all of those things and more. Innate in the human psyche, irrespective of race or religion, is a sense of morality, of what is right and wrong. As innate as this sense of morality, is the desire to gain advantage over others. A conflict of good and evil. Thankfully most people display more of the good, and some display extraordinary feats of humility and selflessness. Yet others sway to the easy path of seeking advantage, wherever they can get it. Self and self gratification are their main motives. These individuals it could be said are corrupt or corruptible. Corruption weakens the fabric of societies and leads to the society becoming dysfunctional. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines provides the basis of ethical and accountable behavior in the public sector. Section 1 of Article XI states that: Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees must at all times be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency, act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. This provision requires every public official and employee to exhibit and live certain values while in government service. In addition, the State has been mandated by the Constitution to ? maintain honesty and integrity in the public service and take positive and effective measures against graft and corruption?. In 1989, the Philippine legislature passed Republic Act No. 6713, a law embodying the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees. The Code spells out in fine detail the do‘s and don‘ts for government officials and employees in and out of the workplace. These do‘s and don‘ts are encapsulated in the eight norms of conduct to be observed by all government officials and employees. These norms or standards are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Commitment to public interest Professionalism Justness and sincerity Page 2 of 31 pages †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Political neutrality Responsiveness to the public Nationalism and patriotism Commitment to democracy Simple living The Code, likewise, introduced some reforms in the administrative systems like giving heads of agencies the responsibility of ensuring there is a value development program for their employees; continuing studies on work systems and procedures with the end in view of improving the delivery if public services; and, mandating the designation of a resident Ombudsman in every department, office and agency. Incentives and rewards system has also been put in place. Another comprehensive law passed to address and curb the commission of malfeasance in government is Republic Act No. 3019 or the Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. In Section 1 of this law, it states that: It is the policy of the Philippine Government, in line with the principle that a public office is a public trust, to repress certain acts of public officer and private persons alike which constitute graft and corrupt practices which may lead thereto. This law specifies eleven (11) instances of corrupt practices in addition to acts or omissions already penalized by existing laws: In addition to acts or omissions of public officers already penalized by existing law, the following shall constitute corrupt practices of any public officer and are hereby declared to be unlawful: (a) Persuading, inducing or influencing another public officer to perform an act constituting a violation of rules and regulations duly promulgated by competent authority or an offense in connection with the official duties of the latter, or allowing himself to be persuaded, induced, or influenced to commit such violation or offense. Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present, share, percentage, or benefit, for himself or for any other person, in connection with any contract or transaction between the Government and any other part, wherein the public officer in his official capacity has to intervene under the law. Directly or indirectly requesting or receiving any gift, present or other pecuniary or material benefit, for himself or for another, from any person for whom the public officer, in any manner or capacity, has secured or obtained, or will secure or obtain, any Government permit or license, in consideration for the help given or to be given, without prejudice to Section thirteen of this Act. Page 3 of 31 pages (d) Accepting or having any member of his family accept employment in a private enterprise which has pending official business with him during the pendency thereof or within one year after its termination. Causing any undue injury to any party, including the Government, or giving any private party any unwarranted benefits, advantage or preference in the discharge of his official administrative or judicial functions through manifest partiality, evident bad faith or gross inexcusable negligence. This provision shall apply to officers and employees of offices or government corporations charged with the grant of licenses or permits or other concessions. Neglecting or refusing, after due demand or request, without sufficient justification, to act within a reasonable time on any matter pending before him for the purpose of obtaining, directly or indirectly, from any person interested in the matter some pecuniary or material benefit or advantage, or for the purpose of favoring his own interest or giving undue advantage in favor of or discriminating against any other interested party. (g) Entering, on behalf of the Government, into any contract or transaction manifestly and grossly disadvantageous to the same, whether or not the public officer profited or will profit thereby. Directly or indirectly having financial or pecuniary interest in any business, contract or transaction in connection with which he intervenes or takes part in his official capacity, or in which he is prohibited by the Constitution or by any law from having any interest. (i) Directly or indirectly becoming interested, for personal gain, or having a material interest in any transaction or act requiring the approval of a board, panel or group of which he is a member, and which exercises discretion in such approval, even if he votes against the same or does not participate in the action of the board, committee, panel or group. Interest for personal gain shall be presumed against those public officers responsible for the approval of manifestly unlawful, inequitable, or irregular transaction or acts by the board, panel or group to which they belong. (j) Knowingly approving or granting any license, permit, privilege or benefit in favor of any person not qualified for or not legally entitled to such license, permit, privilege or advantage, or of a mere representative or dummy of one who is not so qualified or entitled. Divulging valuable information of a confidential character, acquired by his office or by him on account of his official position to unauthorized persons, or releasing such information in advance of its authorized release date. Page 4 of 31 pages The Constitution of 1987 provides six grounds as basis for initiating impeachment proceedings against high ranking government officials, among which are graft and corruption. Philippine laws rarely distinguish graft from corruption; these may even be used inter-changeably to refer to dishonest means or questionable activity or taking advantage of one‘s authority or position. Ivan Hill, formerly the Ethics Center at Washington D. C. , believes that honesty increases efficiency and productivity both in business and in government. The inference is that where there is dishonesty, there is the corresponding decrease of efficiency and productivity. Applied to public management, there will therefore be inefficient and poor delivery of  service, and if the segment of the bureaucracy infested is a revenue collecting entity, like the Bureau of Customs and the Bureau of Internal Revenue, this could only mean a much depreciated revenue collection. The identity or similarity of their consequences, notwithstanding, In the Bureau of Internal Revenue, graft takes the form of falsification and manipulation of financial documents and other records and delay in forwarding remittance collections. Contract graft in public works construction may take the form of sealed bids which are but a formality because there already is a pre-arranged winner of the bid. The use of substandard construction materials is also another form of graft. BRIEF HISTORY OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN THE PHILIPPINES Colonial roots The use of public office for private ends by government officials and private businessmen has been evident since the Spanish colonial period. A summary report by Elizabeth Medina of the conference proceedings of the Asociacion Espanola de Estudios del Pacifica (November 1997) discusses the kinds and causes of corruption in 19th-century Philippines. Medinas report said: The most important practices were falsification of accounting documents. The evidence of embezzlement of funds was destroyed and the cabezas de barangay were obliged to sign blank financial statements. Corrupt governors hid monies from the administration in Manila. They also found ways to discourage the natives from working so they would be thus liable to fines. Taxes and fees were arbitrarily set and excessively high, and illegal fines were often collected. Governors could embezzle the salaries of public officials and often demanded gifts from their hosts when they made official visits. Gifts were also necessary so that false documents would not be issued. The reasons for corruption were many: the governors had Page 5 of 31 pages executive, legislative and judicial powers. No checks and balances were built into the system, and when they were, they were unenforceable. There was a vague limit between what were public goods and what were private ones†¦ The salaries of public officials were low†¦ There was monetary crisis in the 19th century†¦ The laws were so complex as to easily hide misappropriations and fraud†¦ Finally, the common people had no idea of the law and submitted meekly to the injustices and abuses†¦ Many Filipinos today believe that corruption was negligible during the American colonial era. However, as suggested in Medinas report, corruption in the provinces was not altogether eradicated. According to Alfred McCoy (1994), the Americans even used the term cacique to describe the provincial elites who combined local office with landed wealth to gain extraordinary control over the countryside. The US colonial authority similarly tried to restrain rent-seeking by an emerging national elite. And although it was penetrated and manipulated by these elites, the colonial bureaucracy managed to maintain its influence until the 1930s. Although American colonial rule tried its best at eradicating corruption, there were incidents that already indicated its prevalence. Paul D. Hutchcroft (1998), for example, cites the solvency problems faced by the Philippine National Bank less than five years after its establishment in 1917. Loans were given out without consultation and went to well connected agricultural families, directors or interests controlled by directors. In 1921, an accounting firm reported that the PNB had squandered the entire capital stock contributed by the government as well as half of all government deposits in the bank. American legacy American colonial rule also helped develop another building block for the national spread of corruption. It maintained and expanded a big and interventionist government within a democratic framework. At the start, the colonial administrators promoted an economy led by private enterprise, and big business in particular, following the trend in the United States at the time. However, beginning in 1913, the government took an active role in the promotion of economic growth. Then, in 1916, the colonial administrators increasingly interfered in business. The consequent growth of government, as leader, large-scale development promoter and employer, laid the ground for massive and systematic corruption later in the countrys history. With this legacy came expanded opportunities for corruption. These included granting individuals and organizations of special favors, policy changes, licenses, business contracts, and even employment (which in a patron client system redound to personal gain). Such practices effectively destroyed the development of a merit system in the Philippines. After political independence in 1946, writers like nationalist Renato Constantino bewailed the pervasiveness of corruption in Philippine society. Daily, in the halls of Congress, through the Page 6 of 31 pages printed word and over the airwaves, our politicians and our civic leaders expose, denounce, or deplore this or that governments anomaly. During election time the principal issue is always graft and corruption. No wonder public concern is almost exclusively centered on malfeasance in government. But with every change of administration, the problem only becomes aggravated. The panaceas and the grandiose promises fizzle out. The accusers become the accused; the halo of righteousness changes heads. The list of dishonor is different but corruption remains the same. Graft and corruption persist, like a cancer gnawing at our entrails, showing no signs of abatement and consigning us to a state of helplessness and hopelessness. The Marcos government has been often regarded as the most systematically corrupt of all government administrations in the Philippines. This was not surprising considering the concentration of state powers in the President at the time. Unlike in previous administrations that more or less observed the independence of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, Marcos effectively controlled these three branches. Eventually, crony capitalism reached its zenith with the centralization of political power and the realignment of concentrated economic power from the old elites to favored Marcos associates. Although the Marcos government has been considered as the most corrupt of all, succeeding political administrations had their own share and have not effectively controlled the problem. In fact, with the return to democracy after the EDSA Revolution, the perception is that the floodgates of corruption have been opened for more people at various levels of government and society. The vacuum left by the Marcos regime has been filled and even widened; opportunities have simply become available to a broader population. Characteristics of Corruption The characteristics of corruption are as follows: (a) Corruption always involves more than one person. This is need not be the case with stealing, for instance, or embezzlement. The lone operator is corruption is virtually nonexistent, and such cases usually fall under fraud. One instance is making a false declaration of traveling expenditure or hotel bills. But even here there is often a silent understanding between officials who practice such frauds to let the situation prevail. (b) Corruption on the whole involves secrecy, except where it has become so rampant and so deeply rooted that some powerful individuals or those under their protection would not bother to hide their activity. But nevertheless, even here the corrupt motive is kept secret. (c) Corruption involves an element of mutual obligation and mutual benefit. The obligation or benefit need not always be pecuniary. Those who practice corrupt methods usually attempt to camouflage their activities by resorting to some form of lawful justification. They avoid any open clash with the law. Page 7 of 31 pages (e) Those who are involved in corruption are those who want definite decisions and those who are able to influence those decisions. (f) Any act of corruption involves deception, usually of the public body or society at large. (g) Any form of corruption is a betrayal of trust. (h) Any form of corruption involves a contradictory dual function of those who are committing the act. When an official is bribed to issue a business license by the party who offers a ? gift? , the act of issuing the license is a function of both his office and his self-interest. He acts in a dual contradictory function. The same may be said of the party offering the bribe. Applying and receiving of license is a function of his lawful business interest, but resorting to bribery is not. (i) A corrupt act violates the norms of duty and responsibility within the civic order. It is based on the deliberate intent of subordinating common interest to specific interest. The above list of characteristics of corruption could be extended. For an act to be classified as corrupt it has to contain all the above characteristics. The only possible exception is where corruption is difficult to distinguish from criminal extortion, where the party who bribes was compelled to do so, grudgingly and resentfully, and where the bribery was not considered as a necessary outlay for future gain. In such cases the victims kept no secrecy. Opportunities for corruption abound in the absence or lack of order, transparency and accountability. Possible Causes of Graft and Corruption Ledivina V. Carino believes that corruption results from individual, organizational and societal causes. 1. individual — this results from low morality of both bureaucrats and clients 2. organizational — the weaknesses arising from the system may be due to unrealistic compensation, inadequate controls in areas not susceptible to corruption; lack of explicit standards of performance for individual employees and organizational units; poor recruitment and selection procedures and government red-tape. The inability of the organization to provide adequate services to cope with the volume of demand breeds black market operations for government subsidized services. Poor public relations could result to public ignorance of what the organization does. This whets employee appetite for corruption. Poor working conditions and office facilities, weak organizational leadership and bureaucratic politization are other contributory factors. 3. societal — these are causes which are primarily attributed to the culture of a society. The open tolerance of the public of undesirable and inefficient employees has bred an employee psychology of recalcitrance and lack of fear of being censured or criticized Page 8 of 31 pages because of the assurance given to them by their political ? backers? , all because of the â€Å"padrino system† or political patronage. The negative role model played by superiors creates an atmosphere of incompetence and defiance rather than efficiency and discipline. The â€Å"pakikisama† system puts heavy pressure upon the new employee to join his peers in the workplace as to perpetuate the legacy of administrative ineffectiveness. The Filipino is further beset by extreme familism and personalism which generate inefficient delivery of services. The expected behavior of the Filipino is arrayed against cultural norms most of which are anchored on personalism. In the Philippines, people who practice graft and corruption are often put on the pedestal; they attain respectability while those who do not engage in such practices are branded as â€Å"tanga for not taking advantage of their position and power. Behavior that is legally unacceptable may be ideal and acceptable depending upon the political culture of a society. The bureaucrat is expected to deal equally with everyone, whether relatives or strangers. They are not supposed to receive gifts in any form. However, this expected behavior often clashes with the personal way Filipinos get on terms with one another. The practice of taking care of their kin is a deeply ingrained trait which could result in partiality and preferment in his official dealings. He gives priority to the transactions of his family however down the file these may be. Such personalism is not limited only to blood relations but extends to all those sanctified by  ritualistic ties like the compadre system, including neighbors, friends and other persons with whom, one interacts. All these practices explain the persistence of the social evils in our society. Social tolerance of these negativistic practices is complemented by passage of legislation without sufficient study of implications; the difficulty of proving graft and corruption cases; lack of political will to wage a determined anti-corruption campaign; poor educational orientation of the citizenry and clannishness and parochialism which destroys the merit system. There are three critical focal points of corruption in the bureaucracy. There is undervaluation when an importer depreciates his imported goods very much below the actual cost. For instance, a sardine importer brings in a million cans. He pays P2. 00 per can before taxes. Sardines are subject to 20% customs duty, as of January, 1991, or 40 centavos per can. If the importer is dishonest, he undervalues the importation to P1. 00 per can before taxes and therefore pays only 20 centavos instead of 40 centavos as customs duty. With millions of cans of sardines, and with the number of importers doing this, government is defrauded by the millions of pesos. Customs appraisers check the value of the imported goods against the official customs published values. When they are bribed, they will not bother to check, and if they check they deflate the value. Misdeclaration and misclassification are falsification of quantity and quality of imported goods. There is misdeclaration when the importer declares a lesser volume or quantity or declares the items different from what is contained in the van. The inspector does not bother to check and just clears the cargo. In the case of misclassification, the importer declares the importation as belonging to another classification. For example, he declares it as industrial flour but in reality it is food flour which is taxed less. Outright smuggling occurs when the cargo is unloaded not in the designated place or port of entry. For example, when the vessel enters Philippine waters, it is met and the cargo is transferred to â€Å"kumpits and brought to shore somewhere, other than the designated entry port and from there picked up by cargo trucks, sorted and delivered to contract-outlets, without paying customs duties. The culprits here are the coastguard and the military at the checkpoints who are paid off to let the cargo pass. Abuse of bonded warehouse permits occurs when an importer brings in raw materials to be made into finished products. He does not pay taxes for the raw materials because he holds a permit to import. But in reality, he sells these raw materials to manufacturers at a price slightly lower than when the factories import by themselves. The culprits involved in this operation are Page 10 of 31 pages the customs guards of the warehouse, the accountant of the bonded warehouse and the legal division of the customs office. Graft and Corruption: Effects of Unethical Practices If the causes of graft and corruption are individual, organizational and societal, said three sectors are also affected. To the individual there is loss of self-respect and ultimate dehumanization; to the organization it could result in subversion of authority structure and disillusionment within the bureaucracy. To society, it could mean increased administrative cost and revenue loss to government. There will be corresponding deterioration of public service and loss of confidence in government.? There will be goal displacement as employees pursue personal interests, rather than organizational and social objectives. The intent of policy and the procedures for their implementation become useless since target beneficiaries are substituted for. Unauthorized control mechanisms take precedence over legal rules and regulations. Authoritative allocation of values envisioned by legislation gives way to shady deals and the demands of personal expediency. It brings about frustration and cynicism which could undermine faith and confidence in the viability and effectiveness of the democratic system. Graft and corruption are encouraged by public apathy which results from bad and ill-managed government. But its most important and potent medium is the individual official or employee. Let us take the Bureau of Customs as a case in point, since it is the number one collecting arm of government which account for four-fifths of the total governmental revenue generated. This entity administers control and police authority over all harbors, piers, airports, wharves, ports, bays, rivers and inland waters throughout the Philippines. Its general duties and powers include assessment and collection of lawful revenues from imported goods and other fees, charges, dues, fines and penalties. It is charged with preventing and suppressing smuggling; supervision and control over the entrance and clearance of vessels and aircraft engaged in foreign trade; enforcement of customs and tariff laws and other rules and regulations relating to tariff and customs administration; supervision over the handling of foreign mail to collect duties on articles smuggled through mails; control import and export cargoes landed and stored in piers, airports, terminal and depot facilities like container yards and flight stations, and exercises jurisdiction over seizure and forfeiture cases in accordance with tariff and customs laws. This is a bureaucratic procedure characterized by excessive and unnecessary delay in transacting business with government which is intentionally committed. It is a practice that slows down or hampers the delivery of much-needed basic services. When there is undue delay in the processing of transactions, people resort to fixers who collude with corrupt employees and officials to expedite business transactions. This is a common phenomenon in government offices. Fixers with connections Page 13 of 31 pages inside the different offices facilitate the issuance of marriage license or certificate of birth or of death. After all, marriages are not made in heaven but at the city hail with the price set by the fixer. Certainly, the client of city hall would be willing to shell out a few pesos as fixers fee rather than queue the long line aggravated by the slow-paced processing process. This is the price paid for the inefficiency of the bureaucracy however unethical the practice is. Nepotism Nepotism is a version of graft and corruption exemplified by favors showered on relatives by appointing them to government positions regardless of qualifications. The practice may be viewed as an aid to responsive management if blood relatives do their share in achieving organizational goals with minimum time and effort expended. On the other hand, nepotism can be pernicious to society if the relatives in the employ of government use blood relationship as the key to open themselves to the opportunity of improving their lives at the expense of public good and general welfare. It can foster the growth of dictatorship and the formation of ? political dynasties? which the 1987 constitution prohibits. In the Philippines, nepotism is not without historical antecedents. The barangay of early Philippine society was viewed more as a socio-economic unit composed of members with consanguinial ties and those related by affinity. Cooperation in the community was a function of personal connection than pre-determined programs and impersonal procedures. These historical antecedents nurtured a tradition and a culture which considered public office more as a source of private gain than a public trust. The prohibition against nepotism is articulated best in the statement made by the late Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. ?Let no man who claims to be friend, relative or ally presume to seek license because of the relationship. If he offends the new society, he should be punished like the rest.? Unfortunately, however, his administration committed the most number of cases of nepotism. Critics maintain that it was during the Marcos era that nepotism was institutionalized. The Aquino administration also showcased nepotism. If the Marcoses and the Romualdezes had their day, the Aquinos and the Cojuangcos also have theirs. The Ramos administration and the Estrada administration have their respective shares too. So what else is new? After all unethical behavior and practices have always been with us. In our Muslim society, this problem is of more acute proportion. But why the insatiable desire of relatives of presidents to serve in government? Why do public officials appoint relatives to sensitive positions? Should personal loyalty and intimacy outweigh competence, seniority and the merit system? These are administrative dilemmas which have to be resolved. In the Philippines, there is a strong belief that corruption is prevalent. In a 1998 Social Weather Stations (SWS) survey, more than 70 percent of the respondents thought that corruption existed in government. Nearly 40 percent believed that there was a great deal of corruption. Page 14 of 31 pages Based on its Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) for 99 countries, Transparency International rated the Philippines as the 54th among the most corrupt countries in 1999. The Philippines scored 3. 6 based on the CPI scale of 1 (high perception) to 10 (negligible perception). Indeed, in a society with a long history of rapacity and plunder in the ranks of the state and the elite, and powerlessness among the masses, the use of public office has been identified with gaining and maintaining economic, political and social power. Both private citizens and government employees habitually use this office to further their self-interest at the expense of the common good. This custom has prevailed in the Philippines under a long and continuing regime of rent capitalism, in contrast to production-oriented capitalism. EXAMPLES OF GRAFT AND CORRUPTION Here is the anatomy of some types of corruption, taken from the website of the Transparent Accountable Governance project. Textbook scams According to the article of Yvonne T. Chua of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, up to 65 percent of textbook funds are reserved as bribe money. The range is from 20 percent to 65 percent. Take the case of the medium-sized book publisher caught in January 1999. Her bulging bag contained several envelopes: P 1,000,000 (5% of the contract) for the regional director 50,000 for the supply officer 40,000 for the chief accountant 15,000 for the accountant who obligated the money 10,000 for the cashier 5,000 for each of the accounting clerks Then add 40 percent of the contract to a congressman. The total is about half the size of the contract she won. Page 15 of 31 pages Public works A report by Earl Parreno said that congressmen get 12 percent to 20 percent of the funds allotted for building artesian wells, bridges, and roads. The total lost money may be bigger. In 1998 a cabinet member told journalists that commissions on public works ran up to an average 30 percent of the project cost. He cited an engineer who supervised road pavement projects in an Eastern Visayas district. The engineer cut the cement used by 20 to 30 percent to save on materials. To do this he would leave hollow the middle portion of the road. Only gravel now occupies that section, though covered by a thin covering of cement. A foreman of a construction company building a seawall in the same district, meanwhile, admits he is using `small stones in the inner portion of the wall, wrote Parreno. Thats not supposed to be done, says the foreman, but no one can see it, anyway. This cuts down the cement used by 20 percent. Votes for sale A piece by Stella Tirol tells of the corruption that takes place in elections. A common means is the simple dole-out. One congressional candidate in Southern Luzon gave out as much as P 10,000 a day in the barrios. The rate then was P 100 per voter. Election eve would require some P 4 million. The more sophisticated way is to get the barangay captain to your side. One barangay captain she interviewed admitted that he and other barangay captains were offered P 30,000 each. A bidding competition would ensue among the candidates. Barangay officials act as the conduit for purchasing votes, writes Tirol. They know who among their constituents can be bought and on election day itself, they ensure that these people actually go to the precinct and cast their vote for the preferred candidate. Oversight Institutions The legal infrastructure and political commitment are supported and complemented by the existence of oversight institutions. The creation of the oversight institutions that deal with issues of ethics, accountability, graft and corruption are mandated by the Constitution. The common feature of these institutions is they enjoy a substantive degree of fiscal autonomy in the sense that they are not subject to the fiscal controls of the executive. The budget is directly released to these institutions and the heads are authorized to realign savings from their budget. For instance, CSC prescribes qualification standards for each and every position in the Philippine government. Non-compliance with the QS by agencies in the processing of appointments of their staff results in the disapproval by the CSC of such appointments. But, apart from the substantive requirements for practically all kinds of personnel actions such as the publication requirement and the promotion and selection board processes. Non-compliance with the procedural requirements constitutes ground for corrective or even punitive action. The second approach deals with disciplinary actions against official or employee for infractions committed in relation to the performance of his/her official functions. The Administrative Code of 1987 or Executive Order No. 292 outlines the various acts that are subject to administrative disciplinary proceedings. However, administrative discipline is not a function within the exclusive jurisdiction of CSC. Agency heads as well as the Office of the Ombudsman also have the authority to proceed against erring government officials and employees. The third approach is developmental and will be discussed later in the succeeding paragraph. The Office of the Ombudsman acts as a prosecutor against those charged with the violation of RA 3019, RA 6713 and the law against ill-gotten wealth, among others. It is mandated to investigate and prosecute the criminal liability of public officials and employees involved in graft and corruption. The Commission on Audit is the fiscal watchdog of the government. COA is responsible for ensuring legal and proper disbursement of public funds and preventing irregular, unnecessary, or extravagant expenditures or usage of public funds. It also has quasi-judicial powers. All these oversight institutions enforce accountability ethic in government. B. Traditional approaches Since independence, numerous mechanisms have been designed to counteract corruption in the Philippines. The traditional approaches include setting the legal framework and establishing antiPage 17 of 31 pages graft and corruption bodies like presidential committees, commissions, task forces and other units. Since 1950, various Philippine presidents, from Quirino to Estrada, have created antigraft and corruption investigation units and agencies. With the exception of the present Presidential Commission Against Graft and Corruption (PCAGC), established in February 1994, these bodies have been short-lived. The most recent presidential body is the Interagency Anti Graft Coordinating Council, which includes the Commission on Audit, the Civil Service Commission, the Office of the Ombudsman, the PCAGC, the National Bureau of Investigation, and the Department of Justice. The council was established through a memorandum of agreement among these agencies on June 11, 1997 (the DOJ was admitted in 1998). The council received presidential recognition only in August 1999 through President Estradas Administrative Order Number 79 which allotted P5 million for antigraft activities. At present, the Ombudsman and the PCAGC are the principal actors in government to act on complaints and cases of graft. Some of the cases are resolved by the Ombudsman while the others are elevated to the Sandiganbayan. Cases where the accused have been found guilty are sent to the Supreme Court or to the Court of Appeals. Currently, administrative cases are automatically sent to the Court of Appeals while criminal cases like the violation of the AntiGraft and Corruption Practices Act go directly to the Supreme Court. The issues of ethics and accountability pose a continuing challenge to the Philippine government. The mechanisms and infrastructure that have been put in place, as outlined in this paper, may not yet be the best or ideal in the sense that ethical and accountable behavior in the public sector is still much to be desired in the Philippines.

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

Price sensitivity Essay Example

Price sensitivity Essay The Web defines price sensitivity â€Å"as the extent to which price is an important criterion in the customers decision- making process; thus a price sensitive customer is likely to notice a price rise and switch to a cheaper brand or supplier† (Information retrieved on May 8, 2006 from wps.pearsoned.co.uk/wps/media/objects/1452/1487687/glossary/glossary.html)   Miller (2006) defines sensitivity as â€Å"the awareness of the consumer to what they perceive to be the window of cost within which they will buy a particular product or service.†Price sensitivity then is the customers’ awareness of the prices of the products or services they are buying. For a price sensitive customer, the price of a certain product or service is a great factor in his or her decision to purchase the product. â€Å"Price sensitivity however is not just about charging high prices to maximize revenue. It might also make sense to cut prices sometimes dramatically to encourage people wh o may otherwise not be part of the market to use the services or goods being provided†Ã‚   (Information retrieved on May 8, 2006 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/current/mind/2005_6/141105.htm). Example of price sensitivity is the strategy used by Priceline.Priceline’s customers are very price sensitive. Priceline provides its customers a variety of offers and deals they can choose from. This is a marketing strategy that Priceline uses to encourage price sensitive customers to patronize their products. Priceline capitalizes on the price sensitive customers who expect better deals for their money. Priceline makes use of the name-your-price or reverse-action model (Varian, 2000). This strategy is actually like other marketing strategies wherein customers are given the choice to be more flexible with their time and brand in exchange for a lower cost.The effect of this of course is for customers to always look for a better bargain using the Priceline’s prices as the refer ence prices or basis in their decision making. Price sensitive customer tries to find other good deals from other airlines just to compare the apparent savings they will be making if they choose Priceline. According to Kottler (2003), customers are more price sensitive to products and services that are considered to be more expensive and frequently used by the customers. Travel is considered to be an expensive activity so customers are very price sensitive and tries to get the best deal taking into consideration price and quality.Customers are very sensitive to interest rates. The home loan products offered by Priceline actually produce a positive effect. The lowest loan guarantee encourages more customers considering the big savings they will be getting from it. But some customers are skeptical especially those who have negative experiences when it comes to hidden charges.PART II – Is the right price a fair price?There are two sides to this coin – one is for prices to reflect the value that customers are willing to pay and the other is to reflect the cost involved in making a product or service.High value item usually implies high quality. If prices are set high, customers have high expectations on the product or service. If this expectation is met by the manufacturer or the company offering the service, then high prices can still be considered a fair price.On the other hand, with the current economy of the country today and the decreasing purchasing power of many people, fair prices are prices that reflect the cost involved in making the product or service. Fair price in this case is when the customers purchase a product or service and walk away happy with the quality and the cost.Economists define fair market value as â€Å"the price that an interested but not desperate buyer would be willing to pay and an interested but not desperate seller would be willing to accept on the open market assuming a reasonable period of time for an agreement to arise† (information viewed on May 8, 2006 from http://www.investorwords.com/1878/fair_market_value.html).The concept of transparency and public accountability play important roles in setting the right price. According to Baggini (2006), a fair price in a free market is simply what the people are prepared to pay. It is considered unfair to customers if they pay inflated rates for products and services that they ended up worse off than they should have been.Products or services should be priced just enough to cover all costs incurred in its production and enough profit to sustain the producer and return on his or her investment. The interest on fluctuation and the risk of investment should also be considered in setting the right or fair price. This way, both the consumer and producer walk away happy.BIBLIOGRAPHYPART IKotler,P (2003)   Marketing Management, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New JerseyMiller, L (2006). Understanding Price Sensitivity in Marketing: One of the F our Keys in the Marketing Mix. Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/17430/understanding_price_sensitivity_in.htmlMind your Business Price Sensitivity Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.bized.ac.uk/current/mind/2005_6/141105.htmVarian, H (2000) Priceline’s Magic Show Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~hal/Articles/TheStandard/priceline.htmlPART IIBaggini, J (2006). Can you cheat someone to wealth? Retrieved May 8, 2006 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/ideas/story/0,,1746335,00.htmlFair Market Value Retrieved May 8, 2006 fromhttp://www.investorwords.com/1878/fair_market_value.html;

Monday, March 16, 2020

Signfican Health Care event Essay

Signfican Health Care event Essay Signfican Health Care event Essay Significant Health Care Event HCS/531 8 June, 2015 Significant Health Care Event The United States delivery health care system is in a constant revolving state of change. There are many factors involved in the changes to include managed care, capitation, the multiple-payer system, and excessive litigation. The changes that occur are mainly due to events such as a reactive response to concerns regarding cost, access to care, and the quality of the care being received. This paper will focus on how the technological revolution relates to the changes on health care, how it has impacted the historical evolution of health care, and whether I personally agree with the event’s significance. Technological Revolution Technological innovations have made it possible for users to use portable devices such as their phones to access medical information. With technology it is also possible to monitor vital signs, take tests at home, and even receive care at home from a physician through a computer or other portable device. Technological revolution has been primarily responsible for bringing medicine into the public domain. Advancement of technology has influenced other factors as well such as medical education, growth of institutions, and urban development (Shi & Singh, 2012, p. 82). Technology today has dramatically changed how we communicate with each other. Technology has also changed the medical field. We can now, using new technology, image any part of the body and do a three-dimensional reconstruction, eventually leading to the capability of printing an organ. The direction technology is growing on a daily basis it is seemingly unlimited. Cloud servers, genome sequencing, imaging capabilities and health information systems it seems as though the sky is not the limit anymore. There is much more that we as a species can accomplish. Yet, it is unfathomable why so many almost one out of every two adults in the United States has at least one chronic illness, many of which are preventable ("National Prevention Strategy: America's Plan For Better Health And Wellness", n.d.). Historical Perspective The manner in which technology advances is almost impossible to keep up alongside with, let alone fully understand. Let’s take a step back into time where electronic medical records did not exist. Paper records, paper charts, paper files are how everything in health care for a patient was recorded. One aspect that stands out, in my opinion, is reading other peoples handwriting. This might seem like a miniscule subject, but if a nurse or doctor cannot read another person’s handwriting time is wasted